Albert Ellis s Theory Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Albert Ellis Albert Ellis was one of the most influential psychotherapists in the establishment of cognitive behavioral therapy because he founded Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Ellis was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1913. He had low emotional attachment with his parents because his parents being emotionally distant from him and his siblings. He took great responsibility in raising his two younger siblings. He graduated in 1934 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business. After graduating from college, he started a business and attempted to be a writer, but those efforts did not bring him successfulness. Then, he decided to involve in the field of clinical psychology by enrolling in PhD degree in 1942 and obtained the degree in 1947. Before he completed his PhD degree, he published several articles that criticized personality tests. He studied various psychological theories and he was inspired by Sigmund Freud’s works, which caused him to further his knowledge by studying and practicing psychoanalysis. As he was further studying psychoanalysis, he questioned the effectiveness of psychoanalysis and decided to develop a more directive psychotherapy. In the late 40s and 50s, he developed Rational Therapy (RT) and changed the name to REBT later. His idea was not widely acceptable during that time, but that did not stop him from establishing â€Å"The Institute for Rational Living† in 1959. In the 60s, Ellis worked with many religious practitioners to increase theShow MoreRelatedPsychodynamic Approaches And Psychodynamic Therapy1683 Words   |  7 Pagesthought-focused treatment and psychoanalytical /psychodynamic approaches will be examined by comparison; to understand their differences. One thought-focused treatment is called Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). â€Å"CBT is certainly the most widely used therapy today, probably because it is based upon well-established learning theory and has concrete, identifiable procedures and goals.† ( McCarty Archer, 2013). CBT is typically a structured, short-term treatment that focuses on a very specific problem;Read MoreThe Theoretical Foundations Of A. T. Becks Cognitive Therapy And Ellis s Rational Emotional Behavioral Therapy1170 Words   |  5 PagesEllis and Beck The theoretical foundations of A. T. Becks cognitive therapy and Ellis’s rational emotional behavioral therapy 0will be used to assess Jane`s situation. The two comes up with different opinions towards Jane’s situation. Both of them have come up with different opinions although they have some similarities. Ellis and Beck all lay under one circumstance. Albert Ellis views the therapist as a teacher and does not think a warm personal relationship with a client is essential. In contrastRead MoreThe father of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy is Albert Ellis1416 Words   |  6 PagesThe father of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is Albert Ellis. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1913, New York became Dr. Ellis’ home since his family move there when he was four years old. Ellis struggled with health problems and physical ailments from childhood until his death in 2007. As a child, Ellis survived on his own as his parents were absent. His father was a traveling business person and his mother was emotionally absent (Albert Ellis Institute, 2012). The foundation of REBTRead MoreHow Thought Focused Treatment Systems Are Inherently Different From Psychoanalytical / Psychodynamic Approaches1444 Words   |  6 Pagesapproaches in treating psychological dysfunctions. a. A thought-focused treatment and psychoanalytical /psychodynamic approaches can be examined by comparison; to understand their differences. One thought-focused treatment is called Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). CBT is a structured, short-term treatment that focuses on a very specific problem; whereby the counselor â€Å"helps† the client understand the relationship of their conscious- thoughts and behaviors to issues they are experiencing inRead MoreThe Basics of Cognitive Theory in Relation to the Development of Abnormal Behavior1773 Words   |  8 PagesOctober 2011 Approved†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Explain the basics of cognitive theory in relation to the development of abnormal behavior. Use Aaron T. Beck and Albert Ellis as theorists for reference. If you believe the saying Perception is everything, then you may well be a cognitivist.   According to the cognitive perspective, people engage in abnormal behavior because of particular thoughts and behaviors that are often based upon their false assumptions. Cognitives believe that without these thought processes, weRead MoreRational Emotive Behavior Therapy : Theory, Techniques And Applications Used During Group Therapy1674 Words   |  7 PagesRational-Emotive Behavior Therapy The Theory, Techniques And Applications used During Group Therapy Donna Garrison Group Dynamics and Counseling (CP 6610) Troy University â€Æ' The following paper will attempt to describe Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), its theory, techniques and applications during group. REBT is a method of therapy developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950’s. Ellis developed his theory and therapy in reaction to what he saw as the inadequate techniquesRead MoreExploring Cognitive Behavior Theory And Therapy897 Words   |  4 PagesExploring Cognitive Behavior Theory and Therapy From the time of the advent of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and therapy until now, psychologists have searched for new and better ways to both understand and treat the human psyche. Many psychologists have spent their lives analyzing the complexities of human thought, behavior, and interactions with societal influences in order to find new ways to guide humans towards a more fulfilling human experience. Throughout time, various theories and modelsRead MoreCognitive Theories Of Cognitive Behavioral Theories999 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive-behavioral theories theorize that human behavior is caused by internal or mental events, and in addition to external events proposed by behavioral theories. Research suggests that cognitive-behavioral theories have shifted their focus, as seen in the first, second, and third waves of the theories. For example, initially the focus of cognitive theories was on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts. However, recent models of c ognitive theories seek to help people evaluate, and changeRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy And Therapy1201 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many that have contributed to cognitive behavior therapy or CBT throughout the years but we are going to focus on the founders of modern day CBT, Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. Ellis is responsible for the Rational emotive behavior therapy, the first of the CBT in the 1960’s. The bases of REBT is suggest that a patient’s emotional distressed stems from their thoughts about a traumatic event, and not the event itself. Ellis developed this approach as a means to get over his personal problemsRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)1559 Words   |  7 PagesAssumptions and Definition Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes. This is an effective treatment for patients who are dealing with anxiety and depression. CBT refers to a group of psychotherapies that incorporate techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are the two psychologists who came up with therapies. Beck developed the cognitive therapy (CT) that focuses on changing the

Ehrm Free Essays

E-HRM (Electronic Human Resource Management) refers to conduct business transactions particularly Human Resource Management transactions, using the internet along with other technologies (Lengnick-Hall and Moritz, 2003). It was inspired by the popular term of e-commerce. As per the literature, it can also be called as online HRM, web-based HR, virtual HR (M), HR intranet, e –HR, HR portals and computer-based human resource management systems (CHRIS). We will write a custom essay sample on Ehrm or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1990, this term E-HRM was introduced, when electronic commerce (e-commerce) was speeding in the world of business.It is an advance business solution which provides a complete on-line support in the management of all processes, actions, data and information required to handle human resources in an advance company. It is an effective, consistent, easy-to-use system which can be used by groups of different users. It is a technology which allows the staff to have an access to HR and other departments of the organization. According to Ruel Huub Bondarouk Tanya, E-HRM helps to execute HR policies, strategies and practices in the company by using web technologies. The objectives of an organization to take E-HRM are: 1.Developing the strategic orientation of HRM 2. Reduction in cost and effective gains 3. Improvement in client servicing and helping management and employees. The choices of HRM strategies in an organization can be divided into three categories (Beer et al. ): the bureaucratic policy, the market policy, and the clan policy. Each category has its own specific characteristics about the HRM policy areas. TYPES OF E-HRM:- Based on the current literature, E-HRM can be distinguished into 3 categories in the companies as per their focus areas, which are: operational, relational, transformational E-HRM (Wright Dyer, 2000, Lepak Snell, 1998,). Operational E-HRM: – this area involves the basic HR activities. In some organizations, the HRM gives importance to administration and registration. Operational E-HRM gives the choice to the employees either to keep their own personal data up-to-date through a HR website or to have an administrative power in place to do this for them. †¢ Relational E-HRM: – this area, concerns on more advanced HRM activities. The helps the HR techniques that support basic business processes such as: recruiting and selecting of new personnel, training of new employees, performance appraisal, and rewards.It gives the option of selecting and recruiting the candidates either through a internet based application process or by using the process of manual application. †¢ Transformational E-HRM: – this area involves HRM activities with a planned character. Here the emphasis is about the activities regarding organizational change processes, strategic re-orientation, strategic competence management, and strategic knowledge management. It is a mixed internet technique which enables the personnel to develop in line with the company’s choices.HOW E-HRM HELPS THE HRM (HUMAN RESOUCE MANAGEMENT) OF THE ORGANISATION:- It covers all aspects of human resource management like personnel administration, training, career development, corporate organization, job descriptions, selection and hiring process, employee’s data base etc. Therefore E-HRM is a method of doing HRM. By following the path of E-HRM, an organization expects to achieve certain targets such as; a development in the HR’s strategic orientation, an improvement in client focusing, and a decrease in costs or increased efficiency. Improving HR services:Use of E-HRM, satisfied the HR to the maximum level. It raises flexibility in work, endorses modernism and allows the employees to increase development, and motivation. Furthermore, it reduces the repetitive questions of employees such as in regards to the training packages, and a policy guideline etc and also allows consultation at any time. It also helps in announcing job vacancies and important events within the organization. Cost reduction: E-HRM facilitates HR to provide efficient services to clients or customers, with fewer restrictions on time, place or availability (Alleyne, 2003). It decreases the HR operational costs by providing the information to a large number of people on online basis. It allows the employees or their managers to handle their operational activities such as salary, training, holidays or leave entitlements by themselves. Redefining employee responsibilities in HR: In recent years, it can be seen that there is a significant change in the role of managers in the organizations due to some changes in the market developments and new technologies used by the organizations.Due to this, the duties that were performed by HR Professionals earlier such as : performance appraisals, reviewing employee costs, producing HR reports on turnover, absenteeism, processing training requests and overlooking competence management are now presenting by managers and employees (Ruel 2004, Ruta 2005, Martin 2005). E-HRM turns it easier for managers to merge these roles with their other roles effectively. E-HRM enables employees to update their data and manage their p ersonal file by accessing it directly which refers to their training, performance appraisal and transfers. This is called employee self services. This increases their motivation and contribution towards employment; also improves their performance, talent management through self selection and assessment. (Roehling et al. 2005). Improving HR strategic orientation: Use of E-HRM can create more real customer relationships within the. Through social networking, it can improve employee voice (Martin et al 2009). It liberates the HRM managers ( Strohmeir, 2006) to connect HRM to business by becoming strategic members of the top management team. It gives HR increased credibility and power through allowing them to make more reliable data which improves decision making. Online recruitment:It is one of the most broadly functions of E-HRM. It refers to the vacancies posted on the company’s web site or on an online recruitment‘s website. It allows the candidates to send their resumes electronically via e-mail or in some electronic format (Galanaki, 2002). It can be benefited in terms of cost, time, candidate pool and quality of response. However, over loading of resumes is always a risk with the low reputation and effectiveness of various web sites and databases, not to mention its questionable effectiveness for senior executive positions (Ensher et al. , 2002). This can also help to sort and contact the candidates. The selection procedure becomes easy while using this technology especially where long distances are involved. The selection can be done through Video conferencing and online tests, and the candidates can be selected at the initial stages of the selection procedure which saves the cost and time of the organisation. E-HRM enables the performance appraisal (PA) to be conducted on-line on the corporate website. This means that the managers and the employees are able to submit performance data directly to the HR department in via company’s website. This function decrease time and cost for the HR department remarkably.It enables the managers and employees to enter the performance appraisal results with an immediate effect and plan their performance on their personal HR page. E-HRM helps the managers and employees to communicate in the organisation effectively via email. It is a useful approach to interact with the management. E-HRM RESULTS OR OUTCOMES:- Besides these objectives mentioned above, there are some outcomes of E-HRM that needs to be considered. According to Beer et al. (1984) there are four possibilities of outcomes which are: high dedication or commitment, high competition, cost effectiveness, and higher congruence. High commitment they means that the workforce is motivated and understanding, and that they are willing to interact with the management about changes in the organisational environment and the impact that this can have on the internal organisation. High commitment implies a high level of trust between management and employees. †¢ High competence indicates towards the capabilities of employees to learn new roles and tasks if the situation demands it. †¢ Cost effectiveness indicates to the competitiveness in levels of pay and employee revenue rate, and to the adequacy of costs resulting from employee conflicts such as strikes. Higher congruence refers to the internal organization, the reward system, and the ‘input, throughput, and output’ of personnel, which need to be structured in the interests of all stakeholders.Below is the E-HRM model that explains the effect of E-HRM in an organisation. [pic] (Journal article: – â€Å"E-HRM: INNOVATION OR IRRITATION† by Ruel, Huub ; Bondarouk, Tanya) BARRIERS IN ADOPTIING E-HRM: Although there are many benefits of using the E-HRM in the organisation, but there are some aspects where E-HRM has some barriers and disadvantages which needs to be considered. According to the findings of Ruel Huub ; Bondarouk Tanya, if an organisation wants to become a global, then globally their HR practises, policies should also be the same wherever the company is present. Diffe rences in the culture and languages, it is hard to adopt the newly introduced technology that is E-HRM. †¢ In order to introduce E-HRM in the organisation, it is very difficult for the HR department to change their HRM practises. Implementation of E-HRM can reduce the HR staff. It is hard to change the mindset and behaviour of HR personnel, employees and line management. E-HRM helps the employees to update their databases, performance charts, involve themselves in online discussions and opt their career paths. However many employees do not wish to accept this change. Some studies shows that the employees are rely on their managers to develop their carrier paths. †¢ It can produce loss of privacy and confidentiality. If these points can be considered, E-HRM would be very useful for the organisation to grow. How to cite Ehrm, Papers

My Gifts free essay sample

In sixth grade I skated without pads, breaking my arm for the third time. I received the gift of caution. It was caution that lifted my hand two years later to put on the helmet that saved me, when a car sent my bike and me to the ground. In the summer of eleventh grade, two strangers senselessly punched me in the face. The unexpected assault gave me the gift of strength. It was this strength that led me to hold my head high when I saw those same strangers in my school lunch, led me to join an athletic team for the first time, and led me to give a controversial speech in public speaking class. All of my experiences have provided me with a gift that makes me who I am. In eighth grade I was forced to leave my home, my friends, and my country. Two years later, I was forced to move back to the U. We will write a custom essay sample on My Gifts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. Living in Barcelona, Spain has given me more than one gift, and I am only beginning to comprehend what they might be. On July 15th, 2006 in the small town of Galesburg, Illinois, my father shoved my luggage, my pets, my brother, and me into a van. Crying uncontrollably, I flopped in a seat and peered out the window. My friends were standing in front of my house, each of their faces a reflection of my own. Even my house looked sad. Probably because it’s empty, just like me, I thought. Twenty-four hours later, I was peering out of another window belonging to a taxi in a different time zone. I stared at the large palm trees, bright sun, and wide sidewalks of Barcelona, Spain. I was homeless, depressed, lonely, and thus friendless that school year. However by the end of 9th grade, it dawned on me that only I have the power to control my life. Just like breaking my arm, I could receive a gift from this experience, if I so wished to take it. I am proud to say that I accepted the life-altering gift of independence in the summer of 2007. It changed me: I started getting up early to buy the newspaper with my dad. I showed a new girl from Austria around my school, becoming best friends with her one week later. I attempted broken Spanish with the woman who worked at the local bakery whenever I went to pick up una barra de pan, which led me to complete fluency. By the end of tenth grade, I loved the world. But even more, I loved how I fit into it. By befriending people from all over the world, I received a sense of self. Going to an international school made me realize that I like being around people who are different than me, not similar. Having a diverse collection of friends prompted me to explore my own heritage. I realized that all of the times I had checked Caucasian in the little black boxes of standardized tests, all of the times I spelled my name Sylvia, and all of the times I frowned at my moms salsa music were attempts to repress my heritage in an effort to blend in. Now, I celebrate the fact that I am one-fourth Dominican, one-fourth Puerto Rican, half American, and culturally, somewhat Spanish. I am back in Galesburg now, and I am Silvia Elena, a Hispanic-American who still spends her time reading, but also spends her time listening to European and Caribbean music, swearing in Spanish, and eating calamares (squid) like theres no tomorrow. As I continue to identify the wonderful gifts from my life abroad, I realize that these gifts have a purpose. The wonderful thing about immeasurable gifts is that I can give them to others while still keeping them myself, by giving advice to friends, speaking of my second home in Spanish classes, and tutoring other high schoolers. Right now, I am in the process of another life-changing experience: I am choosing a future, a college. This process is full of self-doubt, excitement, anxiety, and hard work. And the gift from this experience? That is yet to be seen.

Prejudice In the Sacco-Vanzetti Case free essay sample

This paper discusses the (mis)trial of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. This paper discusses the famous Sacco-Venzetti case, and the bigotry inherent in the court system at the time. The author presents a balanced account of the facts of the case. He/she includes remarks made by the ruling judge in order to make the case that the trial was a miscarriage of justice. The United States was celebrating its victory in World War I, and a rampant anti-Communist sentiment was building within the country, culminating in the Red Scare of 1919 and 1920. The American government began a campaign of repression against all elements it deemed subversive to democracy- anarchists, Communists, and any other radical groups (Ehrmann 34). J. Edgar Hoovers career as director of General Intelligence in the Justice Department was begun during this time; his first test and responsibility was the case of Sacco and Vanzetti (44). Nicola Sacco, a shoe factory worker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a fish peddler, were arrested, convicted, and executed in a miscarriage of justice; the actions of the state government were motivated by inherent prejudices of their heritage and political affiliations. We will write a custom essay sample on Prejudice In the Sacco-Vanzetti Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Congratulations to the MCA award winners - Emphasis

Congratulations to the MCA award winners Congratulations to the MCA award winners Congratulations to all the winners at the MCA Awards Dinner 2012, which was recently held at the Hilton Hotel in Park Lane, London. The Platinum Award winner was PA Consulting, for its work with the Ministry of Defence to improve protection against explosive devices, which is now saving lives in Afghanistan. Emphasis sponsored the Customer Engagement award, which went to Transform (pictured here with Emphasis CEO Rob Ashton), for its work with Argos. Transform gave the high-street retailer a new strategy that brought it closer to its customers through texts and its own TV channel. We were delighted to entertain guests from Boxwood, Ernst Young, Grant Thornton, Marks Spencer and Nabarro at our table, and look forward to seeing you all again soon. For the full list of winners, click here.

The Role of Guest Workers in the American Economy

The Role of Guest Workers in the American Economy The United States has more than a half-century’s experience with dealing with guest-worker programs. The first dates back to the World War II-era Bracero Program that allowed Mexican laborers to come to the U.S. to work on the nation’s farms and railroads.   Simply put, a guest-worker program allows a foreign worker to enter the country for a specified period of time to fill a specific job. Industries with surges in labor needs, such as agriculture and tourism, often hire guest workers to fill seasonal positions. The Basics   A guest worker must return to his homeland after  the term of his temporary commitment has expired.  Technically, thousands of  U.S. non-immigrant visa holders  are guest workers. The government gave out  55,384 H-2A visas  to temporary agriculture workers in 2011, which helped U.S. farmers deal with seasonal demands that year. Another 129,000 H-1B visas went out to workers in â€Å"specialty occupations† such as engineering, math, architecture, medicine and health. The government also gives out a maximum 66,000 H2B visas to foreign workers in seasonal, non-agricultural jobs. The Bracero Program Controversy   Perhaps the most controversial U.S. guest-worker initiative was the Bracero Program that ran from 1942 through 1964. Drawing its name from the Spanish word for â€Å"strong arm,† the Bracero Program brought millions of Mexican workers into the country to compensate for labor shortages in the U.S. during World War II. The program was poorly run and poorly regulated. Workers were often exploited and forced to endure shameful conditions. Many simply abandoned the program, migrating to the cities to become part of the first wave of post-war illegal immigration. The abuses of Braceros provided inspiration for a number of folk artists and protest singers during the period, including Woody Guthrie and Phil Ochs. Mexican-American labor leader and civil rights activist Cesar Chavez started his historic movement for reform  in response to the abuses suffered by the Braceros. Guest-Worker Plans in Comprehensive Reform Bills Critics of guest-worker programs argue that it’s virtually impossible to run them without widespread worker abuses. They contend that the programs are inherently given to exploitation and to  creating an under-class of servile workers, tantamount to legalized slavery. In general, guest-worker programs arent meant for  highly skilled workers or for  those with advanced college degrees. But despite past problems, the expanded use of guest workers was  a key aspect of the  comprehensive immigration reform legislation  that Congress considered for much of the last decade. The idea was to give U.S. businesses a steady, reliable stream of temporary labor in exchange for tighter border controls to keep illegal immigrants out. The Republican National  Committee’s 2012 platform called for creating guest-worker programs to satisfy the needs of U.S. businesses. President George W. Bush made the same proposal in 2004. Democrats have been reluctant to  endorse the programs because of the past abuses, but their resistance waned when faced with President Barack  Obama’s strong desire to get a comprehensive reform bill passed in his second term. President Donald Trump has said that he wants to limit foreign workers.   The National Guestworker Alliance   The National Guestworker Alliance (NGA) is a New Orleans-based membership group for guest  workers. Its goal is to organize workers across the country  and to prevent exploitation. According the  NGA,  the group seeks to â€Å"partner with local workers  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  employed and unemployed  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  to strengthen U.S. social movements for racial and economic justice.†

Critical Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical Reflection - Essay Example This proved to be the magic bullet, as the woman was not readmitted to the hospital, and gradually got better as her med compliance helped her overcome her acute mania symptoms and consistent outpatient therapy alleviated these symptoms as well. I was called to meet with a 33-year-old woman, who had a young son, in a psychiatric facility as a part of the crisis response team attending to this womans case. The woman has bi-polar disorder and was in acute mania. She had crashed her car, then was taken away by police escort to the psychiatric facility because her estranged husband had called the police after her accident, having recognized the signs of acute mania in this woman. At the time she was admitted to the hospital she was incoherent and did not know where she was or why she was there. She had no recollection of the accident, and, if asked if she felt that she was a danger to herself or others, she had ranted that she wished that she were dead, and she was afraid that she had killed her son, even though the son was not in the car at the time of the accident. The woman had been hospitalized five times before for acute mania. I was assigned to her case as a part of the team that was in charge of helping her assimilate into the outside world from the hospital. The first time that she was in the hospital, everything went relatively smoothly upon discharge, although I had some concerns because the woman was not 100% even then. However, the woman had stabilized, with the help of the medication that she was provided in the hospital. The woman had a place to stay at a friends house. I had a meeting with the friend to make sure that it was a healthy environment for this woman, and found the friend stable, intelligent and patient. The friend was willing to let this woman stay at her house until she stabilized completely and

Research Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Assignment 3 - Essay Example e College in Massachusetts admits only women in their college while Marymount Manhattan College in New York and Wheaton College in Massachusetts accept both men and women in their college. Women-only colleges like Barnard College and Mount Holyoke College design a curriculum that would uplift the competence of women. Both of these colleges value preservation of the school as a women’s university. As Barnard College is affiliated with the Columbia University and Mount Holyoke College with the â€Å"Seven Sisters,† students were given the opportunity to take classes easily in either of the affiliated schools. I noticed that these colleges value the beauty of scenery, probably because women value the aesthetic nature. Barnard and Mount Holyoke colleges maintain their own faculty, endowment, governance, and curriculum with distinguished competitive performance among other co-educational schools. Meanwhile, co-educational schools such as Marymount Manhattan College and Wheaton College consider diversity in their curriculum. Women are viewed in equal parity and importance just like men. Liberal arts curriculums of both colleges tend to enhance the leadership skills of both men and women. Since curriculums are directed towards diversity, women’s interests are viewed equal to men’s interests. With these, I think that women’s only colleges advance the interests of women more than co-educational colleges. Bank (2011) stated that women-only colleges put women in the center of its mission, can make women achieve and hold high expectations, make women feel important, provide more opportunities for women to engage in leadership opportunities, and prioritize the women in the curriculum than those of co-educational colleges (p.

The Industrial Revolution Essay Example for Free

The Industrial Revolution Essay Railroads should be considered one of the most revolutionary economic developments of the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Railroads needed to carry as much product as possible to make a profit. This lead to the construction of â€Å"feeder lines† that connected smaller cities to the main â€Å"trunk lines† that serviced the big cities. The growth of the railroads also increased steel production, coal mining, and technological breakthroughs like the air brake and Pullman sleeping car (Hawksworth, 2001). Unionization was one of the major social developments of the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Unions were the workers response to big corporations. Early labor leaders pushed for an eight hour work day, an end to child labor, equal pay, and safer working conditions. Unfortunately these labor unions were not very successful. Our text tells us that â€Å"Ultimately, it was the power of big business that prevented the workers from achieving their goals.† (Bowles, 2011). The government played both positive and negative roles in the social and economic developments of the last quarter of the nineteenth century. On the positive side it provided security from Native Americans as settlers moved west, it gave land grants to the railroads, it gave land to the settlers with the Homestead Act, and it aided higher education by establishing land grant colleges. On the negative side it did not impose any rules on big business regarding child labor, minimum wage, maximum hours, or working conditions. References Bowles, M. (2011). American history 1865–present: End of isolation. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Hawksworth, R. (Producer). (2001). The American industrial revolution [Video]. United States: Media Rich LLC. Retrieved from http://digital.films.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?Token=47596aid=18596Plt=FODloid=0w=640h=480ref=

Creative Story: Positraction :: essays research papers

Creative Story: Positraction It was a cold night and Roger Katmandoo ( a 89 year old man) sat on his front porch. His rocking chair squeeked as he rocked back and forth. Right then a pair of hedlights came on and were shining right in Mr. Katmandoo's eyes. The headlights came closer towards Roger as the car's engine screamed. The car was right at the curb, and it keep going right up into Roger's yard. " Shit" he yelled as the red 67' Courger drove through his well kept lawn. "Jesus Palamesus" He hollared "U gonna die U sack of shit" Then the car stoped and flashed A gun out the winder as Roger pulled up a loose board in the floor of the porch and grabbed his machine gun. " Youin's best be gett'n out a here" he bluffed "or I will have to kick your little punk asses" Then th ecar speed off leav'n positraction tire marks all in Mr. Katmandoo's yard. Then when the car was half in the street and half in Roger's yard they all yelled "Hey Fuck-o" and speed off. "You little bastards callin me a buck-o" Roger yelled as his hudge buck teeth bit his bottom lip " I'll kick your ass". Then Roger jumped In his shit brown FORD truck and started the engine (well I mean tried to start the engine because he had to pull start it). Then he speed out of his driveway and took off with smoke coming from the tires (and from under the hood). He caught up with the Cougar and started hanging out the window trying to hit the car but he couldn't hold the steering wheel and do bash the car at the same time. So he got THE CLUB out from underneath his seat and put it on the steering wheel. So he got the Baseball bat and started hanging out the window hitting the car. The guy in the Cougar started swirved and Roger fell out of his car and flew underneath the wheel of the Cougar while he was yelling "I'll kick your ass" and crunched Roger leaving blood and guts all over the freeway. But Roger's skull stuck into the Cougar's hub cap. The cougar spun out of controll and flipped then hit the gaurd rail and went fling accross the freeway into oncoming traffic. And uuhh oh here comes the undertaker's truck full of dead bodies. Creative Story: Positraction :: essays research papers Creative Story: Positraction It was a cold night and Roger Katmandoo ( a 89 year old man) sat on his front porch. His rocking chair squeeked as he rocked back and forth. Right then a pair of hedlights came on and were shining right in Mr. Katmandoo's eyes. The headlights came closer towards Roger as the car's engine screamed. The car was right at the curb, and it keep going right up into Roger's yard. " Shit" he yelled as the red 67' Courger drove through his well kept lawn. "Jesus Palamesus" He hollared "U gonna die U sack of shit" Then the car stoped and flashed A gun out the winder as Roger pulled up a loose board in the floor of the porch and grabbed his machine gun. " Youin's best be gett'n out a here" he bluffed "or I will have to kick your little punk asses" Then th ecar speed off leav'n positraction tire marks all in Mr. Katmandoo's yard. Then when the car was half in the street and half in Roger's yard they all yelled "Hey Fuck-o" and speed off. "You little bastards callin me a buck-o" Roger yelled as his hudge buck teeth bit his bottom lip " I'll kick your ass". Then Roger jumped In his shit brown FORD truck and started the engine (well I mean tried to start the engine because he had to pull start it). Then he speed out of his driveway and took off with smoke coming from the tires (and from under the hood). He caught up with the Cougar and started hanging out the window trying to hit the car but he couldn't hold the steering wheel and do bash the car at the same time. So he got THE CLUB out from underneath his seat and put it on the steering wheel. So he got the Baseball bat and started hanging out the window hitting the car. The guy in the Cougar started swirved and Roger fell out of his car and flew underneath the wheel of the Cougar while he was yelling "I'll kick your ass" and crunched Roger leaving blood and guts all over the freeway. But Roger's skull stuck into the Cougar's hub cap. The cougar spun out of controll and flipped then hit the gaurd rail and went fling accross the freeway into oncoming traffic. And uuhh oh here comes the undertaker's truck full of dead bodies.

Have Technology Taken over Some People Lives Essay

Is there a concern about people becoming too dependent on technology? Do you think too much technology is too much for your children? Does technology affect the brain? Some of us think that there is a possibility that too much technology is affecting our children. They seem to not get the concept of things. Kids today can’t seem to think in a rational way. Everything done for children is through some type of technology. Technology is taught at such a young age that kids don’t get the opportunity to learn on their own and by the time they arrive teenage it seems to become more evident. Sarah Harris in a MailOne article â€Å"Too much internet use ‘can damage teenagers’ brains’† says, â€Å"Excessive internet use may cause parts of teenagers’ brains to waste away, a study reveals. Scientists discovered signs of atrophy of grey matter in the brains of heavy internet users that grew worse over time. This could affect their concentration and memory, as well as their ability to make decisions and set goals. It could also reduce their inhibitions and lead to ‘inappropriate’ behavior. Researchers took MRI brain scans from 18 university students, aged 19, who spent eight to 13 hours a day playing games online, six days a week. The students were classified as internet addicts after answering eight questions, including whether they had tried to give up using computers and whether they had lied to family members about the amount of time they spent online. compared them with a control group of 18 students who spent fewer than two hours a day on the internet. One set of MRI images focused on grey matter at the brain’s wrinkled surface, or cortex, where the processing of memory, emotions, speech, sight, hearing and motor control occurs. Comparing grey matter between the two groups revealed atrophy within several small regions of all the online addicts’ brains. The scans showed that the longer their internet addiction continued, the ‘more serious’ the damage was. The researchers also found changes in deep-brain tissue called white matter, through which messages pass between different areas of grey matter in the nervous system. These ‘structural abnormalities were probably associated with functional impairments in cognitive control’, they say. The researchers added that these abnormalities could have made the teenagers more ‘easily internet dependent’, but concluded they ‘were the consequence of IAD (internet addiction disorder)’. ‘Our results suggested long-term internet addiction would result in brain structural alterations,’ they said. The study, published in the PLoS ONE journal, was carried out by neuroscientists and radiologists at universities and hospitals in China, where 24million youths are estimated to be addicted to the internet. Wake-up call’: Dr Aric Sigman said it was a shame that we needed photos of brains to realise that sitting in front of a screen is not good for children’s health In Britain, children spend an average of five hours and 20 minutes a day in front of TV or computer screens, according to estimates by the market-research agency Childwise. Dr Aric Sigman, a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine, described the Chinese research as a ‘wake-up call’. He said: ‘It strikes me as a terrible shame that our society requires photos of brains shrinking in order to take seriously the common-sense assumption that long hours in front of screens is not good for our children’s health. ’ Baroness Greenfield, professor of pharmacology at Oxford University, described the results as ‘very striking’. She said: ‘It shows there’s a very clear relationship between the number of years these young people have been addicted to the internet and changes in their brains. ‘We need to do more experiments and we need to invest more money in research and have more studies like this. The neuroscientist has previously warned there could be a link between children’s poor attention spans and the use of computers and social-networking websites. She is concerned that not enough attention is being paid to evidence that computer use is changing young people’s brains. Professor Karl Friston, a neuroscientist at University College London, told the Scientific American journal the techniques used in the small-scale study were rigorous. He said: ‘It goes against intuition, but you don’t need a large sample size. That the results show anything significant at all is very telling. ’

Human Resource and Management Essay

It is widely accepted that functions involving management include planning goals of the organization, organizing its employees so that efficiency can be achieved, leading involves employee motivation and influence, whereas control function makes sure that all other functions help bring success to the organization . Another viewpoint is that there is a fifth function which is staffing. Staffing involves the HRM department making sure that the appropriate people with valuable skills are placed on jobs (Bartol, 2004). Human resource department has become more important today as it is integrated and much more strategically involved. The HRM department sees it very important in order to be successful as an organization much effort should be put on recruitment of employees, then they should be motivated to perform their task, and trained to execute their responsibilities effectively. To built an efficient work force and maintain it on that level the HRM needs to influence employee behaviour when they seem off track. The few ways in which they can do is by organizing which includes job design/redesign, remuneration and benefits, training and development, and performance management. Job Design Job design is method which involves organizing employee tasks and giving them responsibilities. It also focuses on changing duties of employees so that job satisfaction is gained, which therefore increases efficiency. It focuses on the content of job and effect it has on employee motivation and effectiveness. If job satisfaction is achieved productivity can also be achieved, some people prefer jobs which they feel comfortable at, identifying what makes a good job for the employee can be helpful in improving performance, this can make difference on cost resulting from absenteeism and low turnover. The job fit matches characteristic of people with characteristic of jobs. A person not fitting a job can be disastrous for the company and the employee. By re-designing the job the person/job fit can be may be improved, this can affect employee motivation as the job becomes favourable for employee, catering to their need of job-related satisfaction, for example a person who does not likes to talk much may find it awkward and frustrating at a bank teller job because there he may have to interact with people all day long (Keaton, 2001). Read more:Â  Areas of Human Resources Management Business The ways to re-design a job includes job enlargement and job enrichment, this involves reducing the problems faced by the employee on job. Broadening the scope of the job by expanding the tasks to be performed may reduce the monotonous job experience, as their would be new tasks for the employee to perform, this may help influence behaviour as the employee may achieve job satisfaction and also feel more important as a part of the organization. Job enrichment deals with the employee given more responsibility then before, by adding planning, controlling and evaluating to his job function. Job enrichment may include giving the employee the entire job rather then a part of work, expanding the assignment so that the employee can learn from new tasks, moreover developing new areas of expertise. It may also include giving the employee more autonomy so that he can organize work according to his will, along with giving feedback to higher officials. The more these characteristics are in the job the more motivating it becomes. For the employees motivational value comes from job enrichment due to the feeling of employees that work is now more meaningful, due to the fact that they are more responsible for outcomes. These changes therefore satisfy the employees need for growth, work motivation, work satisfaction, and work effectiveness (Schuler, 2008). Remuneration and Benefits The HR department has also the responsibility of setting employee remuneration, which is the financial payment to employees for their work. This can be used in influencing employee behaviour, it is necessary for the organization to reward employees fairly. If the employee feels he hasn’t been rewarded well he will be de-motivated. Organizations work towards keeping their skilled employee the time, they do not want to lose employee who have worked with them and are good at what they do, also for motivating employees to be more effective and efficient at work HR department tries to best set the wages inline with the expectance of the employees. Well paid employees feel more satisfied with work and are also more willing to give something extra to the organization, in long term this can increase employee commitment and built a trusted relationship between employee and employer. The other option which the HR department uses in influencing behaviour is the benefit system. Employee benefits are does part of the process that reward in addition to cash pay. These benefits may include insurance, medical, pension schemes, a company car or loan, and paid holidays. These benefits care for personal security and needs (Armstrong, 2000). The aim of employee benefits is to contribute to a competitive reward package, also to provide tax-efficient method of remuneration. This is also to provide for the employees need and also for their request for financial help, thus demonstrating that they are part of a caring organization so in turn they can be motivated to carry out work. This also increases the commitment of employee to the organization. The benefit strategy should be directed at the goal of achieving objectives of the business by ensuring it has high quality, committed people in their ranks. A flexible benefit plan helps employee choose between two or more benefits. An employee will be more motivated if he has a say in his benefit package, this way employee can gain better appreciation for the value of benefit he is be being rewarded. Benefits can also be aligned with work, such as giving paid holidays, this can be helpful in achieving short term targets of organization (Robert, 2008). The HR department has therefore the responsibility to work out the best reward system so that employees can benefit and feel satisfied with their work effort (Armstrong, 2000). Training and Development Training and developing employees so that they can deliver their best to the organization is one of the main functions of HR department. The HR department has to continuously work towards perfecting their work force, training them so that they can adapt to the changing business environment. HR department uses training and development to bring about a permanent change in the employees behaviour. Training is defined as helping employee do their current or future work better, where as development involves acquisition of knowledge, skills, personal development, and the right attitude so that the employee is prepared for future opportunities (Bacal, 1998). Training is used in altering the behaviour of the employee in a direction that will help achieve organizational goals. Training helps employees master their present skills or acquire new skill for the execution of another job. Learning is a part of training which brings about a permanent change in employee behaviour. Before training the personal analysis should be conducted so that it could be determined who requires training and their readiness for training. For training to be successful immediate reinforcement is needed so that appropriate behaviour is learned. The learner must be awarded in ways which satisfy needs, such as pay, promotion and recognition. Standards of performance should be set for the employee, as when these standards are met the employee gets a feeling of accomplishment. The training should be meaningful and should also give employee enough time to absorb. The employee should be encouraged to practise the behaviour again and again so that he could perfect his skills. This way a permanent change is brought about in the employee’s behaviour. There are different approaches to training, which includes on-job training and behavioural modelling. On-job training is that an employee is placed in a real work situation and is showed the job and tricks of the trade by a supervisor. This method widely uses the employee’s learning capability to understand and retain the task execution. The other method is behaviour modelling. This is used in increasing interpersonal skills by observing an experienced employee. These methods help bring about a favourable response from the employee. For this training and development procedure to be successful the HR department should ensure that training is linked to business objectives so that everyone is pointed in the same direction. The training should be focused on outcomes and not activities, also allowing employees enough time to adapt. Training should be motivating so that employee expectations could be met, of providing career pathways, increasing job satisfaction and also improving job security. Employee must be shown how to acquire new competencies and what are the benefits of gaining them The HR department should ensure that not only the organizations needs are respected but also the employees and what they want to achieve, so that positive change is brought about in behaviour. Performance Management and Appraisal The HR department knows how much it costs to acquire employees and retain them as a good working unit, they want to be sure that the outlay on staff is achieving an appropriate return. For this HR departments concentrates on performance management and appraisal, which is about creating relationships and ensuring effective communication within the organization. HR department cite as a process which ensures success for everyone, valuing the effort put in by the employees and also influencing and motivating them for their hard work, they feel it helps asses the employees so that they could be rewarded fairly. This is a communication process between employees and their supervisors, which helps built a clear understanding about the job function and what the employee is expected to do. How they can work together to build, improve or sustain employee’s positive conduct. It focuses on employee’s achievement on the preset objectives and how he can bring about a change in his behaviour so that necessary results can be achieved, with continued reviewing of performance against the plans the HR department ensures that objectives are met. The process of discussing work in progress, and how employees can enhance productivity with regular feedback can help determine where the employees stand, and also assess their accomplishments. Appraising an employees job makes them aware of how a task should be executed, also giving them a degree of empowerment which is the ability to make day-to-day decisions. It also helps employees on how to enhance performance, which in turn presents a chance to the employee to develop new skills and appropriate attitude towards work. If the employee understands his duties he can act more freely within the given framework. Performance appraisal is a part of performance management, it is a judgemental process of the performance of the employee on job. It is mainly done for the employees behaviour is moulded according to the companies determined objectives (Bacal, 1999). Performance appraisal brings about favourable attitude of the employee, in the form of commitment and motivation. This is why it important to appraise employees, its importance can be identified as a development to clarify why it is essential to have an effective training program (Banfield, 2008). It is also important for reward purpose as it identifies the deserving employee to receive a reward and who should be trained to achieve high efficiency. Employee motivation is the key behind his compliance to change and this appraisal system stimulates effort to perform better. Employees can be given a legally acceptable reason for promotion or reward and also in case of discharge or transfer so that the employee can’t feel of being treated unfairly. The basic compliance to change of behaviour for an employee comes with monetary incentives, therefore this system helps identify what to pay the employee. This system also encourages communication so that a sense of trust builds between the employee and supervisor, this can be beneficial for the organization as they can work towards carefully shaping the behaviour of the employee so that needs of the organization are catered for, as the employee will respect his supervisor’s decision and will work with commitment and desire. Conclusion The employees are the most important resource of any organization, their commitment and sincerity to the organizations objectives is much sought after. The HR department’s role in this is significant as it sets a benchmark of high standards for the organizations employees. Ensuring that change in behaviour they want is achieved in manner which is acceptable to the employee. The HR department first has to identify the lacking, if it’s concerned with the job they can use job design to influence employee behaviour as an inappropriate person/job fit can be de-motivating for the employee and costly for the organization. If they feel their employees value monetary benefits more they can alter their remuneration and benefit packages according to the need of the employee to generate a feeling of importance in the employee, thus motivating them to achieve organizational goals. The HR department can also analyse the skill level and competence of the employee so that any lacking can then be corrected by employing training and development methods, thus equipping their workforce with new skills and knowledge, readying them to face the challenging business environment. Lastly HR department can use performance management to mould the behaviour of employee according to the need of the organization. With a continuous judgmental system employee motivation and work efficiency can be measured, and then rewarded accordingly. A motivated workforce is the key to any achievement for the organization, so this is what organizations should continuously strive to achieve employing the discussed techniques to influence them.

File Sharing Systems Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

File Sharing Systems Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers File Sharing Systems Universitt St. Gallen Hochschule fr Wirtschafts- Rechts- und Sozialwissenschaften ITM / MCM Wahlteil Neue Medien / Medienarchitektur Prof. Dr. Beat Schmid FILE SHARING SYSTEME P2P Von Philipp Brunner Hans Geiser Roman Hgg Stefan Kress Beat Meier Olivier Salamin Abgabetermin: 5. Dezember 2000 Inhaltsverzeichnis Einfhrung Seite 3 1. Theoretische Grundlagen 3 1.1. Netzarchitekturen 3 1.1.1. Client Server 3 1.1.2. Peer to Peer 4 1.1.3. Verzeichnisserver 4 1.2. Netzwerkprotokolle / TCP/IP 4 1.2.1. Transmission Internet Protocoll 4 1.2.2. Internet Protocoll 5 1.2.3. TCP/IP ist das Internet 6 1.2.4. IP Adressierung 6 1.3. Proxyserver 7 2. Fallbeispiele 8 2.1. MP3 8 2.1.1. Allgemeine Aspekte 8 2.1.2. Technische Aspekte 8 2.1.3. Wirtschaftliche Aspekte 9 2.1.4. Konklusion / Extrapolation 9 2.2. Napster 10 2.2.1. Allgemeine Aspekte 10 2.2.2. Technische Aspekte 10 2.2.3. Wirtschaftliche Aspekte 11 2.2.4. Konklusion / Extrapolation 12 2.3. Gnutella 13 2.3.1. Allgemeine Aspekte 13 2.3.2. Technische Aspekte 13 2.3.3. Wirtschaftliche Aspekte 14 2.3.4. Konklusion / Extrapolation 14 2.4. Freenet 15 2.4.1. Allgemeine Aspekte 15 2.4.2. Technische Aspekte 15 2.4.3. Wirtschaftliche Aspekte 16 2.4.4. Konklusion / Extrapolation 16 2.5. Mojonation 17 2.5.1. Allgemeine Aspekte 17 2.5.2. Technische Aspekte 17 2.5.3. Wirtschaftliche Aspekte 18 2.5.4. Konklusion / Extrapolation 19 3. Neue Problematiken / Denkanstsse 19 3.1. Staat 19 3.2. Juristik 20 3.3. Kriminalitt / Cyber Terrorismus 20 3.4. Vom glsernen Brger zum glsernen Kunden 20 4. Konklusion / Extrapolation 21 4.1. Ausblick: Groovenet 21 4.2. P2P Prognosen 21 4.3. Trendabschtzung 22 Anhang I Literaturverzeichnis I Abbildungsverzeichnis I URLs I CD Rom I Einfhrung Die als weitgehend institutionalisiert geglaubten, auf Client Server Modellen basierenden Kommunikationsstrukturen des Internet unterziehen sich zurzeit einem rasanten Wandel, dessen Konsequenzen das Internet und seine Community wieder zu ihren Wurzeln archaischer wie auch basisdemokratischer Verstndigung fhren knnte. Client Server Modelle, synonym fr kostenintensive Infrastruktur, Wartung und Bedienung wie aber auch fr leichte Kontrolle und somit problemlose Einbindung in bestehende Geschftsmodelle der Old Economy, scheinen zurzeit vom Organismus Internet wie ein systemfremdes Bakterium abgestossen zu werden. Tatschlich liess der als zentral zu wertende Bereich der Kommunikationsformen als Basis jedweder Verstndigung bisher stark Attribute wie Innovationskraft, wie Wandel und Dynamik vermissen. Innovative File Sharing Systeme wie namentlich Peer to Peer Modelle (P2P) beginnen zunehmend am althergebrachten Diktat der Client Server Systeme zu rtteln, werden womglich diese Mauern innerhalb krzester Zeit zum Einsturz bringen. Begleitet vom Hauch des Illegalen, des Subversiven, haben sich diese Modelle mittels einiger Protagonisten dieser Entwicklung (Napster, Gnutella etc.) einen breiten Zuspruch der Internet Community erkmpft. Peer gleichgestellt; ungleich der hierarchischen (und somit der Grundideologie des Internet quasi systemfremden) Ordnung der Client Server Systeme agieren bei der P2P Kommunikation alle teilnehmenden Rechner als Client wie auch als Server. Dieses relativ trivial anmutende Prinzip ermglicht somit die effizente (effizienteste?!) Aufteilung aller technischen Ressourcen wie Speicherkapazitt, Rechnerleistung und Bandbreite. Es erstaunt nicht, dass die Exponenten der Old Economy mit einer auf Tausch (sprich: geben und nehmen) basierenden Kommunikationsform Mhe bekunden, zumal es noch nicht gelungen ist, dieses Konzept ungeachtet seines Erfolges in bestehende Business Modelle einbinden zu knnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt die Zielsetzung, dem unkundigen Leser mittels eines deduktiven und ganzheitlichen Ansatzes ein Bild der aktuellen Kommunikationsformen des Internet zu vermitteln. Gemss dieser Motivation sollen in einem ersten Schritt die theoretischen Grundlagen fr ein besseres Verstndnis der in einem zweiten Schritt folgenden Fallbeispiele geschaffen werden. Um dem angedeuteten ganzheitlichen Ansatz Rechnung zu tragen, werden in einem dritten Schritt im Sinne von Denkanstssen soziale, wirtschaftliche, juristische etc. Aspekte diskutiert. Die Arbeit mndet schliesslich in einer Konklusion, einer Beurteilung und mglichen Extrapolation der Gegenwart seitens der Autoren. Es wurde bewusst auf eine intensive Illustrierung der Arbeit verzichtet, um eine hchstmgliche Informationsdichte und somit einen inhaltlich maximalen Mehrwert zugunsten des Lesers zu gewhren. In Bezug auf eine detaillierte Illustrierung sei an dieser Stelle auf die der Arbeit im Sinne eines Anhangs beigelegten CD Rom verwiesen, welche nebst den zitierten Quellen eine umfangreiche Daten- und Programmsammlung beinhaltet. 1. Theoretische Grundlagen 1.1. Netzarchitekturen 1.1.1. Client-Server Zu Beginn der Computerra war sowohl Rechenleistung als auch Speicherplatz stark beschrnkt und sehr teuer. Gerade aber diese beiden Faktoren machten den Vorteil maschineller Informationsverarbeitung aus und deswegen wurden verschiedene Konzepte entwickelt, die vorhandenen Ressourcen mglichst effizient zu nutzen. Man ging in der Regel von einer zentralen Rechenmaschine aus, welche sowohl die Berechnungen ausfhrte als auch alle Informationen speicherte. Daneben existierten dumme Terminals, welche auf diese Ressourcen zurckgreifen konnten. Aus dieser hierarchischen Struktur wurde die Bezeichnung des Client-Server-Modells abgeleitet, welche somit das klassische Netzwerkmodel darstellt. 1.1.2. Peer-to-Peer Mit zunehmender Weiterentwicklung der Computer wurde es nun aber auch mglich, die Terminals intelligenter werden zu lassen und schlussendlich ganz von ihren Servern zu lsen. Daraus entstand der klassische Desktop-Computer, welcher als Einzelarbeitsplatzsystem dem Benutzer nun alle Vorteile der

AP Literature Reading List 127 Great Books for Your Prep

AP Literature Reading List 127 Great Books for Your Prep SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips A lot of students wonder if there’s a specific AP English reading list of books they should be reading to succeed on the AP Literature and Composition exam. While there’s not an official College-Board AP reading list, there are books that will be more useful for you to read than others as you prepare for the exam. In this article, I’ll break down why you need to read books to prepare, how many you should plan on reading, and what you should read- including poetry. Why Do You Need to Read Books for the AP Literature Test? This might seem like kind of an obvious question- you need to read books because it’s a literature exam! But actually, there are three specific reasons why you need to read novels, poems, and plays in preparation for the AP Lit Test. To Increase Your Familiarity With Different Eras and Genres of Literature Reading a diverse array of novels, poetry and plays from different eras and genres will help you be familiar with the language that appears in the various passages on the AP Lit exam’s multiple choice and essay sections. If you read primarily modern works, for example, you may stumble through analyzing a Shakespeare sonnet. So, having a basic familiarity level with the language of a broad variety of literary works will help keep you from floundering in confusion on test day because you’re seeing a work unlike anything you’ve ever read. To Improve Your Close-Reading Skills You’ll also want to read to improve your close-reading and rhetorical analysis skills. When you do read, really engage with the text: think about what the author’s doing to construct the novel/poem/play/etc., what literary techniques and motifs are being deployed, and what major themes are at play. You don’t necessarily need to drill down to the same degree on every text, but you should always be thinking, â€Å"Why did the author write this piece this way?† For the Student Choice Free-Response Question Perhaps the most critical piece in reading to prepare for the AP Lit test, however, is for the student choice free-response question. For the third question on the second exam section, you’ll be asked to examine how a specific theme works in one novel or play that you choose. The College Board does provide an example list of works, but you can choose any work you like just so long as it has adequate â€Å"literary merit.† However, you need to be closely familiar with more than one work so that you can be prepared for whatever theme the College Board throws at you! Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Note: Not an effective reading method. How Many Books Do You Need to Read for the AP Exam? That depends. In terms of reading to increase your familiarity with literature from different eras and genres and to improve your close-reading skills, the more books you have time to read, the better. You’ll want to read them all with an eye for comprehension and basic analysis, but you don’t necessarily need to focus equally on every book you read. For the purposes of the student choice question, however, you’ll want to read books more closely, so that you could write a detailed, convincing analytical essay about any of their themes. So you should know the plot, characters, themes, and major literary devices or motifs used inside and out. Since you won’t know what theme you’ll be asked to write about in advance, you’ll need to be prepared to write a student choice question on more than just one book. Of the books you read for prep both in and out of class, choose four to five books that are thematically diverse to learn especially well in preparation for the exam. You may want to read these more than once, and you certainly want to take detailed notes on everything that’s going on in those books to help you remember key points and themes. Discussing them with a friend or mentor who has also read the book will help you generate ideas on what’s most interesting or intriguing about the work and how its themes operate in the text. You may be doing some of these activities anyways for books you are assigned to read for class, and those books might be solid choices if you want to be as efficient as possible. Books you write essays about for school are also great choices to include in your four to five book stable since you will be becoming super-familiar with them for the writing you do in class anyways. In answer to the question, then, of how many books you need to read for the AP Lit exam: you need to know four to five inside and out, and beyond that, the more the better! Know the books. Love the books. What Books Do You Need to Read for the AP Exam? The most important thing for the student choice free-response question is that the work you select needs to have â€Å"literary merit.† What does this mean? In the context of the College Board, this means you should stick with works of literary fiction. So in general, avoid mysteries, fantasies, romance novels, and so on. If you’re looking for ideas, authors and works that have won prestigious prizes like the Pulitzer, Man Booker, the National Book Award, and so on are good choices. Anything you read specifically for your AP literature class is a good choice, too. If you aren’t sure if a particular work has the kind of literary merit the College Board is looking for, ask your AP teacher. When creating your own AP Literature reading list for the student choice free-response, try to pick works that are diverse in author, setting, genre, and theme. This will maximize your ability to comprehensively answer a student choice question about pretty much anything with one of the works you’ve focused on. So, I might, for example, choose: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare, play, 1605 Major themes and devices: magic, dreams, transformation, foolishness, man vs. woman, play-within-a-play Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte, novel, 1847 Major themes and devices: destructive love, exile, social and economic class, suffering and passion, vengeance and violence, unreliable narrator, frame narrative, family dysfunction, intergenerational narratives. The Age of Innocence, Edith Wharton, novel, 1920 Major themes and devices: Tradition and duty, personal freedom, hypocrisy, irony, social class, family, â€Å"maintaining appearances†, honor Wide Sargasso Sea, Jean Rhys, novel, 1966 Major themes and devices: slavery, race, magic, madness, wildness, civilization vs. chaos, imperialism, gender As you can see, while there is some thematic overlap in my chosen works, they also cover a broad swathe of themes. They are also all very different in style (although you’ll just have to take my word on that one unless you go look at all of them yourself), and they span a range of time periods and genres as well. However, while there’s not necessarily a specific, mandated AP Literature reading list, there are books that come up again and again on the suggestion lists for student choice free-response questions. When a book comes up over and over again on exams, this suggests both that it’s thematically rich, so you can use it to answer lots of different kinds of questions, and that the College Board sees a lot of value in the work. To that end, I’ve assembled a list, separated by time period, of all the books that have appeared on the suggested works list for student choice free-response questions at least twice since 2003. While you certainly shouldn’t be aiming to read all of these books (there’s way too many for that!), these are all solid choices for the student choice essay. Other books by authors from this list are also going to be strong choices. It’s likely that some of your class reading will overlap with this list, too. I’ve divided up the works into chunks by time period. In addition to title, each entry includes the author, whether the work is a novel, play, or something else, and when it was first published or performed. Works are alphabetical by author. Warning: Not all works pictured included in AP Literature reading list below. Ancient Works Title Author Genre Date Medea Euripides play 431 BC The Odyssey Homer epic poem (no date) Antigone Sophocles play 441 BC Oedipus Rex Sophocles play 429 BC 1500-1799 Title Author Genre Date Don Quixote Miguel de Cervantes novel 1605 Tom Jones Henry Fielding novel 1749 As You Like It Shakespeare play 1623 Julius Caesar Shakespeare play 1599 King Lear Shakespeare play 1606 A Midsummer Night’s Dream Shakespeare play 1605 The Merchant of Venice Shakespeare play 1605 Othello Shakespeare play 1604 The Tempest Shakespeare play 16 Candide Voltaire novel 1759 1800-1899 Title Author Genre Date Emma Jane Austen novel 1815 Mansfield Park Jane Austen novel 1814 Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen novel 1813 Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte novel 1847 Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte novel 1847 The Awakening Kate Chopin novel 1899 The Red Badge of Courage Stephen Crane novel 1895 Bleak House Charles Dickens novel 1853 David Copperfield Charles Dickens novel 1850 Great Expectations Charles Dickens novel 1861 Oliver Twist Charles Dickens novel 1837 A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens novel 1859 Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoyevsky novel 1866 Madame Bovary Gustave Flaubert novel 1856 Jude the Obscure Thomas Hardy novel 1895 The Mayor of Casterbridge Thomas Hardy novel 1886 Tess of the d’Urbervilles Thomas Hardy novel 1891 The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne novel 1850 A Doll’s House Henrik Ibsen play 1879 The American Henry James novel 1877 The Portrait of a Lady Henry James novel 1881 Moby-Dick Herman Melville novel 1851 Frankenstein Mary Shelley novel 1818 Anna Karenina Leo Tolstoy novel 1877 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain novel 1885 The Queen of AP Literature surveys her kingdom. 1900-1939 Title Author Genre Date My ntonia Willa Cather novel 1918 The Cherry Orchard Anton Chekhov play 1904 Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad novel 1902 Sister Carrie Theodore Dreiser novel 1900 Murder in the Cathedral T.S. Eliot play 1935 Absalom, Absalom! William Faulkner novel 1936 As I Lay Dying William Faulkner novel 1930 Light in August William Faulkner novel 1932 The Sound and the Fury William Faulkner novel 1929 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald novel 1925 A Passage to India E.M. Forster novel 1924 The Little Foxes Lillian Hellman play 1939 Their Eyes Were Watching God Zora Neale Hurston novel 1937 Brave New World Aldous Huxley novel 1931 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man James Joyce novel 1916 Billy Budd Herman Melville novel 1924 Major Barbara George Bernard Shaw play 1905 The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck novel 1939 The Age of Innocence Edith Wharton novel 1920 Ethan Frome Edith Wharton novel 19 The House of Mirth Edith Wharton novel 1905 Mrs. Dalloway Virginia Woolf novel 1925 1940-1969 Title Author Genre Date Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe novel 1958 Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Edward Albee play 1962 Another Country James Baldwin novel 1962 Waiting for Godot Samuel Beckett play 1953 The Plague Albert Camus novel 1947 Invisible Man Ralph Ellison novel 1952 Lord of the Flies William Golding novel 1954 A Raisin in the Sun Lorraine Hansberry play 1959 Catch-22 Joseph Heller novel 1961 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’ s Nest Ken Kesey novel 1962 A Separate Peace John Knowles novel 1959 To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee novel 1960 The Crucible Arthur Miller play 1953 Death of a Salesman Arthur Miller play 1949 House Made of Dawn N. Scott Momaday novel 1968 Wise Blood Flannery O’Connor novel 1952 1984 George Orwell novel 1949 Cry, the Beloved Country Alan Paton novel 1948 All the King’s Men Robert Penn Warren novel 1946 The Chosen Chaim Potok novel 1967 Wide Sargasso Sea Jean Rhys novel 1966 The Catcher in the Rye JD Salinger novel 1951 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Tom Stoppard play 1966 Cat’s Cradle Kurt Vonnegut novel 1963 The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams play 1945 A Streetcar Named Desire Tennessee Williams play 1947 Black Boy Richard Wright memoir 1945 Native Son Richard Wright novel 1940 Don't get trapped in a literature vortex! 1970-1989 Title Author Genre Date Bless Me, Ultima Rudolfo Anaya novel 1972 The House on Mango Street Sandra Cisneros novel 1984 â€Å"Master Harold† . . . and the boys Athol Fugard play 1982 M. Butterfly David Henry Hwang play 1988 A Prayer for Owen Meany John Irving novel 1989 The Woman Warrior Maxine Hong Kingston memoir 1976 Obasan Joy Kogawa novel 1981 Beloved Toni Morrison novel 1987 The Bluest Eye Toni Morrison novel 1970 Song of Solomon Toni Morrison novel 1977 Sula Toni Morrison novel 1973 Jasmine Bharati Mukherjee novel 1989 The Women of Brewster Place Gloria Naylor novel 1982 Going After Cacciato Tim O’Brien novel 1978 Equus Peter Shaffer play 1973 Ceremony Leslie Marmon Silko novel 1977 Sophie’s Choice William Styron novel 1979 The Color Purple Alice Walker novel 1982 Fences August Wilson play 1983 The Piano Lesson August Wilson play 1987 1990-Present Title Author Genre Date Reservation Blues Sherman Alexie novel 1995 The Blind Assassin Margaret Atwood novel 2000 Oryx and Crake Margaret Atwood novel 2003 The Memory Keeper’s Daughter Kim Edwards novel 2005 Cold Mountain Charles Frazier novel 1997 Snow Falling on Cedars David Guterson novel 1994 The Kite Runner Khaled Hosseini novel 2003 A Thousand Splendid Suns Khaled Hosseini novel 2007 Never Let Me Go Kazuo Ishiguro novel 2005 The Poisonwood Bible Barbara Kingsolver novel 1998 The Namesake Jumpa Lahiri novel 2004 All the Pretty Horses Cormac McCarthy novel 1992 Atonement Ian McEwan novel 2001 Native Speaker Chang Rae-Lee novel 1995 The God of Small Things Arundhati Roy novel 1997 A Thousand Acres Jane Smiley novel 1991 The Bonesetter’s Daughter Amy Tan novel 2001 The Story of Edgar Sawtelle David Wroblewski novel 2008 Don't stay in one reading position for too long, or you'll end up like this guy. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. An Addendum on Poetry You probably won’t be writing about poetry on your student choice essay- most just aren’t meaty enough in terms of action and character to merit a full-length essay on the themes when you don’t actually have the poem in front of you (a major exception being The Odyssey). That doesn’t mean that you shouldn’t be reading poetry, though! You should be reading a wide variety of poets from different eras to get comfortable with all the varieties of poetic language. This will make the poetry analysis essay and the multiple-choice questions about poetry much easier! See this list of poets compiled from the list given on page 14 of the AP Course and Exam Description for AP Lit, separated out by time period. For those poets who were working during more than one of the time periods sketched out below, I tried to place them in the era in which they were more active. I’ve placed an asterisk next to the most notable and important poets in the list; you should aim to read one or two poems by each of the starred poets to get familiar with a broad range of poetic styles and eras. 14th-17th Centuries Anne Bradstreet Geoffrey Chaucer John Donne George Herbert Ben Jonson Andrew Marvell John Milton William Shakespeare* 18th-19th Centuries William Blake* Robert Browning Samuel Taylor Coleridge* Emily Dickinson* Paul Laurence Dunbar George Gordon, Lord Byron Gerard Manley Hopkins John Keats* Edgar Allan Poe* Alexander Pope* Percy Bysshe Shelley* Alfred, Lord Tennyson* Walt Whitman* William Wordsworth* Early-Mid 20th Century W. H. Auden Elizabeth Bishop H. D. (Hilda Doolittle) T. S. Eliot* Robert Frost* Langston Hughes* Philip Larkin Robert Lowell Marianne Moore Sylvia Plath* Anne Sexton* Wallace Stevens William Carlos Williams William Butler Yeats* Late 20th Century-Present Edward Kamau Brathwaite Gwendolyn Brooks Lorna Dee Cervantes Lucille Clifton Billy Collins Rita Dove Joy Harjo Seamus Heaney Garrett Hongo Adrienne Rich Leslie Marmon Silko Cathy Song Derek Walcott Richard Wilbur You might rather burn books than read them after the exam, but please refrain. Key Takeaways Why do you need to read books to prepare for AP Lit? For three reasons: #1: To become familiar with a variety of literary eras and genres#2: To work on your close-reading skills#3: To become closely familiar with four-five works for the purposes of the student choice free-response essay analyzing a theme in a work of your choice. How many books do you need to read? Well, you definitely need to get very familiar with four-five for essay-writing purposes, and beyond that, the more the better! Which books should you read? Check out the AP English Literature reading list in this article to see works that have appeared on two or more â€Å"suggested works† lists on free-response prompts since 2003. And don’t forget to read some poetry too! See some College Board recommended poets listed in this article. What's Next? See my expert guide to the AP Literature test for more exam tips! The multiple-choice section of the AP Literature exam is a key part of your score. Learn everything you need to know about it in our complete guide to AP Lit multiple-choice questions. Taking other APs? Check out our expert guides to the AP Chemistry exam, AP US History, AP World History, AP Psychology, and AP Biology. Looking for other book recommendation lists from PrepScholar? We've compiled lists of the 7 books you must read if you're a pre-med and the 31 books to read before graduating high school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Health Care Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health Care Policy - Essay Example Strategies focused on working conditions and retention should occupy a central position in any nursing workforce revitalization plan"(Sochalski J, 2005). In connection to this, different national professional nursing organizations have chosen to play an active role in assisting legislators with not only insights but overview of this issue. The main focus of most organizations now is to increase the supply of nurses in different health institutions and act as bargaining arm in behalf of the nurses' concern. Some organizations would rather focus on long term solutions such as increasing the number of students enrolled in nursing courses, giving incentives, salary increase to existing nurses to give them more reasons to stay. Whereas, other legislators would opt for more short term solutions such as opening more opportunities for nursing to foreign workers. Needless to say, the demand for more nursing professionals compels not only the health care industry, but also the government to act fast in this continuous problem. In this writer's opinion, high tech facilities, modern equipments can only be as good as top of the line services prov ided by hospitals. Without the latter, nothing much can be expected. Looking at the abundance of legislative ... Increasing supply via education- scholarships, forgivable loans in return of service to underserved areas; funding for increased school capacity and faculty; incentives such as scholarships, tutoring, transportation and child care to attract minority students. Such policy can be well directed to education institutions, or colleges that only offer nursing courses. And probably, the government may also look at trying to recruit more males in this industry to balance out the depreciation of nurses leaving because of pregnancy, child rearing duties. Increasing supply via immigration- Expand the H1-C category for visas, which aims to bring foreign-trained and licensed nurses t the United States to provide service to underserved areas. This is a very good strategy considering that migrant workers will come to the US as full time nurses and will have their full attention to their jobs. Given that they are away from their families, they will have more focus on what they are ought to do. The government however, must make sure that qualifying exams are really at par with the quality standards of our healthcare industry. Data and Planning- establish commissions, studies, task forces and committees to analyze or monitor the nursing workforce, expand duties of nursing licensure boards to collect, monitor and utilize nursing workforce data. Probably this is the same with organizing our very own think tank, or an organization that focuses on research communications to be the main source of data related to this field. Work Environment- limit overtime, impose mandatory overtime, post staffing ratios in hospitals to inform the public, define associated disciplinary actions. Licensure Compacts- interstate recognition of nursing licenses; promote mobility.

Tesco Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tesco Company - Essay Example The paper describes the business where competition among the organizations is increasing day by day, different companies implement different corporate strategies to meet the changing requirements o f the business world and to gain competitive advantage. Tesco was also faced with these changes and challenges that were hindering the success and leadership position of the organization. Tesco came up different corporate strategies in different areas to overcome such challenges and difficulties. Along with these strategies, Tesco focused maximum on retaining its consumers; Tesco understands the value of consumers in today’s world of business. On the other hand, till today Tesco is striving hard to retain the strength of its customers without making them disappointed of their services and facilities. As a result, Tesco not only met the changing requirements of the business world but these effective steps also gained them success and strong competitive advantage over others. In the paper we can find out how to change and develop the company. The document clearly allocates Tesco’s main objective was to gain maximum consumer loyalty as it is a fundamental truth that â€Å"consumer is a king.† Customer satisfaction is the key to gain success for any company in both long run and short run. It is important for a company to focus mainly on a customer’s needs and wants. Tesco focused more on approaching their customers by implementing thorough consumer approach. Tesco focused more on understanding the needs and demands of their customers in order to remain in the market and to deliver the best to their customers. As a result, this strategy would help Tesco to gain maximum consumer satisfaction and to remain in the business in long run. Implementation of this strategy not only helped Tesco to grow and expand its business, gain maximum consumer satisfaction as well as it helped Tesco to gain employee motivation by bringing new ideas in the business and implementing innovation to their business. This triggered the employees of Tesco to become more innovative in order to deliver best of consumer satisfaction to their clients. 2- ADOPTION OF EFFECTIVE STRATEGIC HR POLICIES: Tesco realized the importance of effective and efficient workforce. No doubt, employees are the basic pillars of any organization which stand as the main driving force and contribute significantly in the success of an organization. Tesco was faced with the challenge of obsolete HR policies and incapable team of employees which were unable to meet the competition in the market, challenges faced by Tesco and growing needs of the business world. Tesco implemented a thoroughly revised strategic HR policy as a change agent to meet the challenges of the business world and to sustain its position in the market. Before implementing the strategy, Tesco ensure that each employee of its company understands his role and set of responsibilities in organization. Tesco also ensured that all the employees contribute together in the suc cess of company and to make it more dynamic in a tough competitive environment. However, Tesco was also faced with the union problem from its employees in America which the organization handled very carefully in order to minimize the gravity of the situation (David Theather). As a result, Tesco motivated its employees to become productive, motivated and innovative to attain the success objective and to meet the challenges of highly competitive global market (Steve Hammett and Ken McMeikan). The implementation of this strategy enabled the employees to understand their role and responsibilities

Film Production Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Production - Movie Review Example This paper will look at the basic five elements of production such as image, time, motion, sound, composition among others that producers use to adapt the book to the screen using a true story based on a book. Image is one of the basic elements that producers consider in making films. From the film, it is evident that this aspect was given an upper hand in the process of pitching the book into a film. Formulating images of a film require capturing light and recording devices that are projected on a screen. Images plays a vital role in determining how the directors and producers will place the actors and objects on the screen. This shows that the producer of the film considered pitching the book out of the gate before making any step of negotiation. This stage enables the producer to read and review the book and determine if it can be presented for film production. Given that the book is based on a real life experience and is a survival story of a ship captain, it is easy for the producers to figure out scenes and images that can be incorporated in the film. Also, the book itself shows a story of adventure and courage that gives an upper hand to the producer to figure out the scenes and im ages that can give intimate details of the whole scenario. For instance, in the book, the captain outlines the adventure of the high seas, extreme temperatures, death threats and chances of escaping that can easily resonate with the scenes that should be incorporated in a film. Therefore, it is evident the producer considered scenes and images in the book before they made any step of getting the project in pure form without altering the content of the book (Regis, n.d). Also, the producers of the movie considered the time frame before coming up with the film. The diegetic time of the story lasts for 114 minutes to give the real story of what transpired when the

Maintenance Strategy for an Emergency Lighting System

Maintenance Strategy for an Emergency Lighting System Table 1 Term / Abbreviation Definition API Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ATEX Atmosphere Explosible (French acronym) CAT Category CCTV Closed-Circuit Television cGMP Current Good Manufacturing Practice CMMS Computerised Maintenance Management System CSE Confined Space Entry CTU Central Test Unit Ex Explosion protection symbol displayed on equipment that is suitable for use in an ATEX area FT Facilities Technicians HR Human Resources HSA Health And Safety Authority HSE Health, Safety and Environment IR Industrial Relations IS Irish Standard IFM Integrated Facilities Management KPI Key Performance Indicator LEL Lower Explosive Limit LVI Liquid Vapour Incinerator NIPBI Novartis International Pharmaceutical Branch Ireland NRL Novartis Ringaskiddy Limited MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker MEWP Mobile Elevated Work Platform MTBF Mean Time Between Failure MTTR Mean Time To Repair PB1 Production Building 1 PB1A Production Building 1 Annex PB2 Production Building 2 PM Preventive Maintenance PU Production Unit QA Quality Assurance SAP Computerised Maintenance Management System used by Novartis SOP Standard Operating Procedure TS Technical Services VEIS Veolia Environnement Industries Services One could be forgiven for thinking that compiling a maintenance strategy for an emergency lighting system would be a trivial matter to execute. This may possibly be the case with a small office building but our challenge at Novartis was not a task that could be underestimated. The first thing to consider is the scale of the site at approximately 150 acres and that emergency lighting by its nature permeates every nook and cranny. The second is the huge emphasis placed on safety which is understandable when Seveso directives are factored in. Adding to this was the fact that until VEIS arrived on site there was no existing strategy for the maintenance of the emergency lighting system. Once the remit passed to VEIS, literally overnight, we inherited the mammoth task of restoring the system to full operation and ensuring regulatory compliance in terms of inspection and testing. This all was being played out under the watchful gaze of existing site staff that may not have been openly welcome to the notion of an IFM companys arrival on site. There was minimum time for VEIS staff to ease into their roles in this challenging environment. Needless to say the first six months on site were a baptism of fire (but thankfully not in the literal sense!). Besides immediately assuming inspection and testing duties, the initial stages involved gathering data on both the quantities of light fittings present and the extent of repair work required. The next stage required meeting with suppliers to arrange for parts supply. Full restoration of the system would then take place in tandem with ongoing inspection and testing. Regarding inspection and testing, there was little leeway for VEIS to create a customised approach as the regulations in I.S. 3217 2013 are quite prescriptive. We simply had to figure out the most effective and efficient way to deliver the required performance of such a safety critical system. I believe the expertise required from VEIS was not to reinvent a method of maintaining an emergency lighting system. Instead it was to implement a strategy, where none existed before, that worked both in terms of compliance to regulations and ensuring maximum availability of a safety critical system. On this front, we certainly delivered. Novartis Ringaskiddy Limited is an API manufacturing plant located in Co. Cork Ireland. It is part of the Novartis global healthcare company which is based in Switzerland. In January 2014, VEIS assumed responsibility for the provision of an Integrated Facilities Management contract of 5 years duration. This encompassed the following equipment/services: Utilities steam boilers, air compressors, air dryers, cooling towers, water treatment, purified water systems. Hard Services fire alarm, gas detection system, CCTV, roller shutter doors, clean room sliding doors, dock lifts, passenger and freight elevators, emergency lighting. Soft Services catering, cleaning, security, landscaping, pest control, internal plants. This was the first venture into the outsourcing of Facilities Management services by Novartis so there was a steep learning curve for all concerned. My role with VEIS was Technical Team Lead with primary responsibility over Utilities and Hard Services. Our most immediate Task was to implement a Maintenance Strategy for site wide Emergency Lighting. This had fallen into neglect over the years; mainly due to a lack of a dedicated team to oversee its maintenance there had almost been an ad hoc approach to testing and repair. Besides my role as Team Lead, the VEIS maintenance crew consisted of 2 Facilities Technicians, both with strong past electrical experience. It was decided that upkeep of the Emergency Lighting system would be fully self-delivered with no outside contractor involvement. Figure 1: Novartis Ringaskiddy Limited (Source: PM Group) Figure 1 is an aerial view of the Novartis Ringaskiddy Limited site (PM Group). Table 2 A Main Switch Room B Pump House C Tank Farm D Solvent Recovery E LVI F Contractors Compound (not in IFM contract scope) G Project Stores (not in IFM contract scope) H PB 2 I PB 1 J PB 1A K Waste Water L Utilities M Technical Services N QA Labs O Warehouse P Canteen/HR/Administration Q NIPBI Labs R Security Gate House Table 2 defines alphabetically labelled points in Figure 1. Novartis Ringaskiddy Limited is subject to Seveso directives. These directives are put in place to help prevent major industrial accidents and ensure that sites are prepared, in terms of response, for when accidents occur (European Commission, 2016). Sites are categorised according to the amount of hazardous chemicals in storage (Lawlor Technology, 2015). NRL is an upper tier Seveso site there are up to 4000m3 of solvent chemicals stored on site. There are also several Zone 1 and 2 ATEX areas. The HSA (n.d.) defines these as: Zone 1 That part of a hazardous area in which a flammable atmosphere is likely to occur in normal operation. Zone 2 That part of a hazardous area in which a flammable atmosphere is not likely to occur in normal operation and, if it occurs, will exist for a short period. Another example of a hazardous area is the Dryer Unloading area in PB1. During certain production campaigns, there is the presence of Category 3 chemicals here. Access to the area is strictly prohibited during these times. Contact with minute amounts of Category 3 chemicals can have severe health consequences for a person (Ader et al, 2005). Because of the highly dangerous operating context of the emergency lighting system, safe work practices were essential for the VEIS team on the Novartis site. We were required to develop a method statement for emergency lighting maintenance activities. This was reviewed by the HSE department and a site electrical engineer. Edits were performed where necessary prior to final approval. The use or carrying of cellular phones was prohibited at all times at NRL. Its worth noting for this exercise the challenging IR environment that VEIS entered at the beginning of the IFM contract. It was seen by many on site that moving to an outsourced service provider would result in lay-offs for NRL maintenance staff. In reality VEIS were tasked at delivering in areas that were either previously neglected or lacked central control. Until this realisation had sunk in, maximum discretion and diplomacy was required from the VEIS team in order to gain acceptance from the existing site staff. During the initial stages of the VEIS teams arrival onsite, there was an unwavering focus on all aspects of our conduct. It was of prime importance that the team displayed the upmost professionalism and adherence to safe working practices at all times. It was essential that, for our maintenance strategy to work, full cooperation was received from existing site staff. This involved gaining trust from both management and floor staff. The Novartis Ringaskiddy site, under the surface, functions as a group of almost autonomous areas. The production buildings, utilities, warehouse, tank farm waste water areas all have designated management teams who all have in turn subtle but distinct differences in methods of operation. As emergency lighting is a utility that features across the site, the VEIS team had to find a way to adapt to the varying cultural practices in order to make our strategy work. Engaging in a respectful and sometimes almost deferential manner was the order of the day. Here are some of the bridges that had to be crossed: Method Statement development The method statement for emergency lighting maintenance activities required review and approval from both the HSE process safety manager and PB1 electrical engineer. The peculiar aspect to this is that neither of the other two site electrical engineers opted to review or approve the method statement despite being presented with it. See Appendix A for cover page of Method Statement. Planning Meetings Again there was a variance here in that VEIS attended weekly maintenance planning meetings in the PB2 production building only. This was to ensure that production and maintenance coordinators were aware of upcoming works. This obviously extended beyond emergency lighting to all VEIS related maintenance. It also helped ensure that the work permitters for the building had advanced notice as resources were tight in this area. For other areas on site, email notification was sufficient to alert NRL staff of pending activities. Client Meetings As part of our customer engagement strategy, we arranged separate monthly meetings with key staff from the PB1, PB2 and Technical Services areas. This provided a forum for all parties to express opinions on any issues or indeed the good news stories. KPI Score Card Client interaction was critical here. See section 13.0 for specific detail. ATEX areas It was vital for VEIS to gain the confidence of the client in our ability to work safely and competently in the ATEX areas. As an embedded contractor, we were subject to more intense scrutiny than any sub-contractor that provided services to the client. An example would be the purchase of a Fluke Ex multi-meter that we made. This came at a cost of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1000. All other electrical maintenance staff used the non-Ex à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬300 version. Asset Register Individual emergency light fittings were not listed on the NRL asset register. The lowest level the register went to was the Central Test Units. The Novartis engineers were keen to have a full schedule of emergency light fittings included in the asset register so it made sense for VEIS to assist them. Aiding the NRL engineers with this task was not in the scope of the IFM contract but providing this service did much to solidify the relationship and further build trust. This was practically a mini project and involved the following activities: Compiling the full list of fittings. Listing the fittings accurately by type and by area. Redlining the lighting plans to reflect moved, removed or newly installed fittings. Confirming the correct CTUs, Distribution Boards and MCBs. Liaising with the site electrical engineers to agree on a naming/tagging convention. Supplying redlined lighting plans to site drawing office for printing and uploading to the Novartis COMOS system. Site Manual (Play Book) A site manual or play book was developed which outlined the scope of the VEIS IFM contract. This was a live document which evolved as the contract progressed and reflected any new services that were added to the remit of VEIS. The site manual was subject to periodic review by the Novartis IFM lead. High level maintenance strategies were also stored in in this book. In order to comply with rigorous onsite HSE policies, VEIS technical staff required training/certification with the following: ATEX Awareness. Emergency Lighting Commissioning Inspection. Confined Space Entry. Mobile Access Tower assembly. Current Good Manufacturing Practice. Fire Watch. Lock-out/Tag-out/Isolation. Mobile Elevated Work Platform operation. Permitting hot and cold works. SAP CMMS User level for FTs. Maintenance Planner level for Technical Team Lead. Working at Heights. Manual Handling. Safety Harness. As previously mentioned, the Emergency Lighting system had fallen into a state of disrepair on the Ringaskiddy site. With the arrival of VEIS onsite as the IFM provider, a new impetus was put on restoring the system to full operating order and maintaining it to a proper and compliant standard. In addition, it was quickly noticed by the VEIS team that list of emergency light fittings in the contract tender was not correct. There had been several additions and modifications to the system without proper records to reflect the changes. After a thorough appraisal, it was found that more than à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬100,000 would be required in parts purchasing to carry out the necessary repairs. This would have to be actioned by VEIS as it was within scope of the contract. Appendix B lists the costs of parts required to achieve a fully functioning emergency lighting system. All of the emergency light fittings on the NRL site are of the Self-Contained Emergency Luminaire variant. This type is defined as having all components such as the lamp, control unit and battery either inside or not more than one metre from the fitting (Ventilux, n.d.). 8.1 Various Types Used Figures 2 and 3 show both the most commonly used and most expensive to replace fittings used at NRL. There are other types also such as Exit/Running Man and Twin Spot. Although these are equally critical from a safety perspective, they came at a fraction of the cost to replace. It was decided because of the preferential pricing available for purchasing complete Stahl fittings that these would be used to replace defective CEAG units that were economically unrepairable. CEAG fittings were kept in service only when the repairs didnt extend beyond tube and battery replacement. Figure 2: Stahl Ex Emergency Light Fitting (Source: Stahl) Figure 2 shows the types of Stahl light fittings used on the Novartis site (Stahl). Figure 3: CEAG Ex Emergency Light Fitting (Source: Atex) Figure 3 shows the type of CEAG light fitting used on the Novartis site (Atex). 8.2 Quantities of Fittings by Area Zone Table 3 Fitting Type Ex Zone 1 Ex Zone 2 Safe Area Main Switch Room 6 Pump House 15 Tank Farm 28 57 28 Solvent Recovery 33 69 LVI 16 35 PB 2 563 130 PB 1 530 145 PB 1A 285 78 Waste Water 58 31 Utilities 55 Technical Services 95 QA Labs 88 Warehouse 93 Canteen/HR/Administration 125 NIPBI Labs 168 Security Gate House 7 Sub Totals 1455 219 1064 Grand Total 2738 Table 3 list the corrected amounts of light fittings by zone and by area. The more correct way to classify equipment suitable for use in Ex Zone 1 and Zone 2 areas is by CAT 2 and CAT 3 respectively. However it is normal in Industry to reference them by Ex Zone numbers only. Safe Area refers to type of light fittings used outside of the hazardous areas. 8.3 Components Failure Information The one benefit of taking on a dilapidated system, from a maintenance perspective, is that you have the data to hand on the reasons why the assets have failed. Figure 4 displays a breakdown of these failure modes for the emergency light fittings on the Novartis site. This information was a key driver in deciding the amounts and types of spare parts to be held on site. Figure 4: Reasons for Light Fitting Failure Figure 4 illustrates failure data compiled on the NRL site. The Inspection and Maintenance activities evolved as the contract progressed on the Novartis site. The initial stages comprised of inspection and data gathering. This advanced to inspection, testing and repairs. 9.1 Structure and Administration of PMs on CMMS Novartis utilises the SAP CMMS to administrate all of its maintenance activities. VEIS staff were trained onsite in the use of this system. The Facilities Technicians were trained to User level while the Technical Team Lead was trained to Planner level. As effective owners of the assets and systems that were in scope for the IFM contract, it was agreed that we would manage maintenance activities end-to-end. Here is a synopsis of how we ran this aspect of our operation for the emergency lighting system: PMs were built against the Asset IDs of the CTUs. The CMMS Created a PM01 Preventive Maintenance Work Order in advance of the Due Date based on the Call Horizon settings. The VEIS Planner Released the Work Order in advance of the activity being carried out. One of the FTs printed the resultant Job Card. The FTs had a predetermined period of time from the Due Date to complete the activity so as not to exceed the Late Date. PMs that overshot the Late Date required Deviation Reports to be submitted. Corrective activities were recorded using PM11 Deferred Maintenance or PM12 Immediate Maintenance Work Orders depending on the severity of the issue. Completed Job Cards and reports, where applicable, were uploaded to the CMMS and attached to the relevant Work Order before changing its status to Complete. See Appendix C for definitions of the terms used by the SAP CMMS. See Appendix D for an example of a Novartis Work Order raised on the SAP CMMS. 9.2 Permitting for Works There was variance across the NRL site in how permits to work were processed. Again it was an example of how at a high level there was standard practice but the reality on the ground was different. This was another area where VEIS had to adapt to the different procedures and ensure both safety compliance and a timely manner for delivering works. The time concern stems from lengthy delays that could occur if one did not follow the specific permitting guidelines for a particular area. See Appendix F for a table displaying the differences per area in processing of permits to work on the NRL site. 9.3 Inspection and Testing Daily Test The following is the procedure employed for the daily test: To complete the daily test of the emergency lighting system, one of the Facilities Technicians walks the site and checks the CTUs for presence of any faults. Permitting is not required for this activity. Any faults are recorded in the VEIS Emergency Lighting Logbook and repairs are put into the work queue. Visual Inspection of Emergency Lights Under the previous I.S. 3217 standard, all emergency light fittings had to be visually inspected weekly. This would have been near impossible for the VEIS team to deliver. The current standard stipulates that 25% of fittings are to be visually inspected weekly resulting in 100% being checked in a four week period. The following is the procedure employed for the visual inspection: When conducting a visual inspection of the emergency lights in an area, the Facilities Technicians will first contact the area supervisor to inform them of the intention to carry out an inspection. A permit and countersignature will then be requested if it is deemed necessary. Technicians will use the access card swipe-in system or the sign-in logbook when entering the area if such systems are present. The Technicians will then walk the area and record their results in the VEIS Emergency Lighting Logbook. The area will be left in a clean and tidy state. They will swipe or sign out when leaving the area if such systems are present. If a permit was received then it will be returned and signed off. See Appendix E for Risk Assessment table. Three Monthly Inspection (for a 3 hour self-contained system) The following is the procedure employed for a 3 monthly inspection: When conducting the Three Monthly Inspection of the emergency lights in an area, the Facilities Technicians will first contact the area supervisor to inform them of the intention to carry out an inspection. A permit and countersignature will then be requested. Signs will be placed at the entrances to the area to advise personnel that an inspection is taking place. Technicians will use the access swipe-in system or the sign-in logbook when entering the area if such systems are present. The emergency lighting Central Test Unit will then be activated, or in cases where a circuit is not on a CTU, the MCB will be switched off which will result in the emergency lighting going into fault mode. The Technicians will then walk the area and record their results in the VEIS Emergency Lighting Logbook. When complete the CTU will be reset and any MCBs that were switched off will be switched on. Faults that have been recorded will then be addressed. A suitable ladder will be used for the repairs. Where the step ladder is used, FTs should not exceed hip height to the top rung of the ladder. A safety harness will be worn where required. A scaffold will be used where required. Care is to be taken when using hand tools. A Hot Work Permit will be required to work near live exposed parts such as using a meter to check for power. If replacing internal parts of the light or where a wiring fault needs to be rectified, then the circuit will be locked out at the lighting supply board with a MCB locking device and a padlock. VEIS staff will refer to Novartis SOP 000.926.0479 Isolation of electrically driven equipment. Before disconnecting any cable the FT must always confirm that the internal mains wiring is dead using a digital multi-meter. When work is complete then the area is to be left clean and tidy and all circuits should be powered up. They will swipe or sign out when leaving the area if such systems are present. The permit will be returned and signed off. See Appendix E for Risk Assessment table. Upon completion of the Three Monthly Inspection and testing, a report for inspection, testing and servicing as detailed in Annex C1 and Annex C7 of I.S. 3217:2013 shall be attached to the relevant SAP Work Order where it can be viewed/printed by the PU Manager and electrical engineer of (PB1,PB2,TS). As per 16.2.4.1 of I.S. 3217:2013. A copy of the report shall be placed in the VEIS Emergency Lighting Logbook. Annual Load Test (for a 3 hour self-contained system) The following is the procedure employed for the annual load test: When conducting the Annual Load Test of the emergency lights in an area, the Facilities Technicians will first contact the area supervisor to inform them of the intention to carry out an inspection. A permit and countersignature will then be requested. Signs will be placed at the entrances to the area to advise personnel that an inspection is taking place. Technicians will use the access swipe-in system or the sign-in logbook when entering the area if such systems are present. The emergency lighting Central Test Unit will then be activated, or in cases where a circuit is not on the CTU the MCB will be switched off, which will result in the emergency lighting going into fault mode. The Technicians will then walk the area and record their results in the VEIS Emergency Lighting Logbook. When complete the CTU will be reset and any MCBs that were switched off will be switched on. Faults that have been recorded will then be addressed. A suitable ladder will be used for the repairs. Where the step ladder is used, Technicians should not exceed hip height to the top rung of the ladder. A safety harness will be worn where required. A scaffold will be used where required. Care is to be taken when using hand tools. A Hot Work Permit will be required to work near live exposed parts such as using a meter to check for power. If replacing internal parts of the light or where a wiring fault needs to be rectified, then the circuit will be locked out at the lighting supply board with a MCB locking device and a padlock. VEIS staff will refer to Novartis SOP 000.926.0479 Isolation of electrically driven equipment. Before disconnecting any cable the FT must always confirm that the internal mains wiring is dead using a digital multi-